Master Longchenpa: Important Pillar of Tibetan Buddhism and Nyingma Tradition

Longchenpa (1308-1364) is one of the most influential figures in Tibetan Buddhism and a key master of the Nyingma school. Revered as one of the three great Manjushris of the Snowy Land, Longchenpa made lasting contributions that continue to shape Tibetan Buddhist practice today.

Systematic Organization of Nyingma Teachings

Longchenpa (ཀློང་ཆེན་རབ་འབྱམས་པ་དྲི་མེད་འོད་ཟེར།)is renowned for systematizing the teachings of the Nyingma tradition, particularly the Dzogchen teachings. He is regarded as the ultimate compiler and clarifier of the Great Perfection (Dzogchen), and his work laid the foundation for its modern practice. His teachings on Dzogchen Nyingthig (Heart Essence of Dzogchen) were later transmitted to Jigme Lingpa, leading to the widespread propagation of the Nyingma tradition’s Dzogchen teachings in the centuries that followed.

The Birth and Early Life of Longchen Rabjam

Longchen Rabjam was born on the 10th of the second month in the Earth Monkey year of the Tibetan calendar (1308) in the southern part of Tibet, near the Dra Mountain Valley in the East Zhong region. His father was a tantric yogi named Tenpa Song from the Rwa tribe, and his mother, Sonam Gyen, belonged to the Zhong tribe. During her pregnancy, she dreamt of a lion whose forehead radiated sunlight, illuminating the entire world. Upon his birth, the protector goddess appeared in the form of a black woman, held the baby, and said, “I will protect him.” She then returned the child to his mother before vanishing without a trace.

A Reincarnation of Princess Bema Sa

Longchen Rabjam was the reincarnation of princess Pema Sal, the daughter of King Trisong Detsen, and the recipient of the “Kagye” teachings from Padmasambhava. In one of her previous incarnations, Princess Pema Sal, rediscovered the hidden teachings of the “Kagye” in Tibet.

Childhood and Early Education

From a young age, Longchen Rabjam demonstrated exceptional qualities of a Bodhisattva—faith, compassion, and wisdom. By the age of five, he had already mastered reading and writing. At seven, his father initiated him into advanced teachings, including the “Kagye” empowerments, and practices from key texts such as Dü Sum Guru and Eightfold Assembly of the Sacred Ones. He also learned medicine and astrology.

At twelve, he took ordination as a novice monk at Samye Monastery, receiving the monastic vows from Khenpo Samdrub Rinchin. His monastic name was Tshering Lobzang. He also studied the Vinaya—the rules and codes of conduct for monks. By the age of fourteen, he had begun teaching others.

Studies and Mastery of Buddhist Scriptures

By the time he was sixteen, Longchen Rabjam studied advanced tantric teachings under renowned masters such as Tashi Rinpoche and others. He delved into various texts from the New Translation schools, including Lam ‘Bras (two lineages), Ch’os Drug (Six Dharma), Kalachakra Tantra, Shes Rig (Mind and Matter), and several others related to the Vajrayana tradition.

At the age of nineteen, he went to the famous shedra Sangphu Neuthok, where he studied Buddhist logic, philosophy, and practical meditation for six years. From Lobpon Tsan Gonpa and Qiu Ba Jiachen, he received teachings on Maitreya’s Five Treatises, the logic texts of Chendna and Vasubandhu, and a wide range of texts on Madhyamaka and Prajnaparamita philosophy. He also studied Sanskrit, poetics, and drama under the guidance of the translator, Rongzhu Tenpa.

Later, he received key Nyingma teachings, including the empowerments and pith instructions for the Anuyoga, Mahayoga, and Atiyoga traditions, from masters like Tsongkhapa, Khenpo Chonub, and other important Tibetan lamas.

A Legacy of Knowledge and Wisdom

Longchen Rabjam’s education was vast and included teachings from over twenty distinguished masters across various Tibetan Buddhist traditions, including the Sakya and Kagyu schools. His mastery over the sacred texts and teachings solidified his reputation as one of Tibet’s greatest scholars and practitioners. His life’s work would go on to shape Tibetan Buddhism for generations to come.

Extensive Literary Legacy

Longchenpa authored over 250 works, with some sources citing 263 or 270 texts. His writings span a wide range of topics, including history, Buddhist ethics, sutra teachings, and tantra. His most significant works focus on Dzogchen, with particular emphasis on the Nyingthig (Heart Essence) teachings. Many scholars believe that much of his tantra and Dzogchen writings were revealed through his profound realizations, a phenomenon known as “terma,” or hidden treasure texts, uncovered by his spiritual insight.

Core Texts of the Nyingma Tradition

Longchenpa’s most influential works include texts like Seven Treasures, Three Restings, Three Liberations, and Four Heart Drops. These writings are considered foundational to the Nyingma school and remain essential reading for anyone studying Dzogchen. His teachings continue to have a profound impact on generations of practitioners and scholars.

The Spiritual Journey of Longchen Rabjam

While studying, Longchen Rabjam also dedicated himself to intensive meditation retreats. During these retreats, he had direct visions of various enlightened beings, including Manjushri, the Lady of Sound, Acalanatha, Vajra Yogini, and Tara, receiving numerous siddhis (spiritual attainments). His devotion to both study and practice unlocked the treasure of his Speech Wheel, and he was revered by those who knew him as “Longchen Rabjam” (Master of Vast Realms) and “Samyepa” (The One with Perfect Teachings from Samye Monastery).

Meeting the Master and Receiving the Nyingthig Teachings

At the age of 27, guided by a prophecy from Tara, Longchen Rabjam visited the renowned master Rigdzin Kumaradza (1266–1343), the holder of the Vimala Nyingthig teachings. At that time, Rigdzin Kumaradza. was living with about seventy disciples in a temporary retreat on the Yado Gama Pu Plateau. The master welcomed Longchen Rabjam with great joy and prophesied that he would become the holder of the Vimala Nyingthig teachings.

For two years, Longchen Rabjam studied under Rigzin Kumaradza., receiving the teachings and empowerments of the complete Great Perfection (Dzogchen) in all three sections: the Heart Section, the Realm Section, and the Pith Instruction Section. He also received advanced teachings in the four categories of the Pith Instruction section—external, internal, secret, and extremely secret practices. These teachings included those from the Seventeen Tantras and other key texts and instructions on Dzogchen.

Living in Harsh Conditions and Receiving the Transmission

During his studies with Rigdzin Kumaradza, Longchen Rabjam endured extremely difficult living conditions. To overcome attachment to material comforts, Rinpoche frequently relocated the retreat, teaching his disciples the importance of non-attachment. Over a span of nine months, they moved the retreat camp nine times. Each move brought immense hardship to Longchen Rabjam and his fellow disciples. They often found themselves in places with little shelter—sometimes living in caves—and with minimal food. At one point, Longchen Rabjam used a torn sack as both a mattress and a blanket to protect himself from the harsh winter cold. Despite these challenging conditions, he received the rare and precious teachings of the Great Perfection in all three sections.

After completing his studies under Rigdzin Kumaradza, Longchen Rabjam was officially authorized as the holder of the Nyingthig lineage and entrusted with passing these teachings to future generations.

Retreat and Further Realizations

For the next seven (or some say six) years, Longchen Rabjam committed to solitary retreat, mostly in the area of Chingpu. During this period, he practiced the Great Perfection teachings and also engaged in rituals for various deities. His meditative practice led to profound realizations, including direct experiences of both peaceful and wrathful forms of Padmasambhava, Vajrasattva, and various wrathful deities.

Transmission of the Vimala Nyingthig Teachings

At the age of 32, still in retreat, Longchen Rabjam gave his first public transmission of the Vimala Nyingthig empowerments and pith instructions to his disciples near the site of Nyipushi in Gangri Tokpa. During this time, the surrounding environment was filled with pure light, wonderful sounds, and auspicious signs, indicating the powerful spiritual presence.

Soon after, his yogi disciple, Woser Gocza, discovered a hidden manuscript of the Kagye Nyingthig (the teachings that had been revealed by his previous incarnation, Pema Ledreltsal), and presented it to Longchen Rabjam. The Kagye Nyingthig was a treasure text discovered by Longchen Rabjam’s previous incarnation. Additionally, the protector goddess, Senba Sojuma, presented him with another copy of the same text.

Although Longchen Rabjam was the reincarnation of the treasure revealer Pema Ledreltsal, he understood the importance of preserving the lineage for future practitioners. To ensure the continuity of the teachings, he went to Pema Ledreltsal’s disciple, Xiu Jia Se, and received the Kagye Nyingthig transmission, further solidifying his role as the holder of the lineage.

Longchenpa’s Prayer and Heart Mantra

Longchenpa composed a special prayer to the lineage of teachings and masters, which is still recited by practitioners today. Additionally, his heart mantra is widely used in Nyingma practice:

Heart Mantra: Om Ah Hum Maha Guru Nyinggana Siddhi Hum.

Mastery of the Outer, Inner, and Secret Teachings

Longchenpa’s greatest contribution was his deep study and systematic organization of the Nyingma school’s esoteric texts. His works are classified into three categories: “Outer,” “Inner,” and “Secret” teachings.

• Outer Teachings: These include 96 texts on grammar, rhetoric, Buddhist fundamentals, and various praise and prayer texts.
• Inner Teachings: This category includes 135 works, with two main areas: sutra works such as Commentary on the Five Texts of Compassion and Middle Way in the Buddha’s Teachings, and tantra works focusing on Vajrayana and Dzogchen.

Longchenpa’s writings are a treasure trove of wisdom, synthesizing vast amounts of Buddhist knowledge. His work not only enriched Tibetan Buddhism but also laid the groundwork for generations of practitioners who continue to study his profound teachings.

Longchenpa’s Works on Secret Teachings of Vajrayana

Longchenpa’s writings also include a significant body of work on Vajrayana teachings, specifically focusing on the highest practices within the Nyingma school. These texts can be classified into five main categories:

Teaching the Kagye Nyingthig and Miraculous Events

At the age of 33, Longchen Rabjam, while in retreat at Samye Qingpu, transmitted the Kagye Nyingthig teachings to eight disciples, including the yogi Woser Gocza. During the empowerment ceremony, a female tantric protector deity manifested and possessed a female yogi, delivering prophecies and instructions. As the ceremony unfolded, Longchen Rabjam transformed into his Sambhogakaya form, and the atmosphere became filled with divine phenomena—flowers rained from the sky, and the mountains glowed with radiant, multicolored halos, light beams, and circles. The assembled attendees were filled with profound wisdom energy and engaged in singing and dancing.

During the ceremony, Longchen Rabjam received the transmission and blessings of the Kagye Nyingthig from Padmasambhava and his consort, who named him Ujin Zhi Mei Woser and Dorje Ziji. The protective deities themselves appeared to accept offerings. For about a month, Longchen Rabjam and his disciples merged into an experience that transcended the ordinary states of wakefulness and sleep, dwelling in a profound light of realization. During this time, Longchen Rabjam expressed his yogic energy in the form of a song:

Hey, yogis,
I am joyful and at peace.
Tonight, we are in the sacred land of secrecy.
In the palace of our peaceful and wrathful deities,
The Mandala of the union of wisdom and emptiness.
The Buddha resides within our own continuity.
Hey! Only the mind of equanimity exists.
The mind cannot be bound,
It expands freely, moving naturally.
Whether the mind is scattered or focused, it is empty.
Whatever arises in the mind is also empty,
All is the dance of wisdom.

Retreat in Ujin Tso and Continued Teachings

At the request of the protective goddess Dorje Yudronma, Longchen Rabjam moved his retreat to Ujin Tso in Gangri Tokpa, where he spent a significant amount of time writing several important texts. During this period, he practiced the Nyingthig Thoggar (Instantaneous Transcendence) teachings and attained the realization of the “Wisdom as Measure” (Rig Pa Tshad Phebs).

At this retreat, he also received the Vimala Nyingthig teachings from the Dakini Bumala Moza, who entrusted him with this precious lineage. Inspired by Bumala Moza, Longchen Rabjam wrote a series of 35 texts known as Yangti Ruyi Bao (The Precious Jewel of the Guru’s Instructions).

Rebuilding the Uru Xia Monastery

Longchen Rabjam used gold from a hidden treasure to fund the reconstruction of Uru Xia Monastery in Zhi Gong, originally built by Padmasambhava and his disciple, Ngak Dinzen Sanpo. During the reconstruction, workers inadvertently unearthed sacred objects buried beneath the monastery, intended to subdue negative forces. These objects flew into the sky, but Longchen Rabjam manifested in the wrathful form of Padmasambhava and, using tantric mudras, returned them to their rightful place underground.

Peace in Tibet and the Encounter with King Taesi Dupa

At the time, the leader of the Zhi Gong region, Gonri, was plotting an internal war against Central Tibet. Longchen Rabjam fulfilled a prophecy that a manifestation of Manjushri would intervene, preventing Gonri from waging war and restoring peace to Central Tibet. Initially, King Taesi Dupa of Tibet was suspicious of Longchen Rabjam, as he was the guru of Gonri, whom the king considered a bitter enemy. The king sent soldiers to kill Longchen Rabjam, but when they arrived, he vanished using his spiritual powers. The situation forced Longchen Rabjam to relocate to Bhutan, where he continued to teach, sometimes to crowds of over 100,000 people.

While in Bhutan, Longchen Rabjam built the Tabaling Monastery in Bintang. Eventually, King Taesi Dupa came to understand Longchen Rabjam’s impartiality and fairness. Recognizing his wisdom and integrity, the king became his disciple, and Longchen Rabjam returned to Tibet.

Longchen Rabjam’s Lasting Legacy

Through his teachings and miraculous actions, Longchen Rabjam played a crucial role in maintaining peace and preserving the Nyingma tradition. His profound wisdom, remarkable meditative experiences, and tireless commitment to teaching left a lasting legacy that continues to inspire Tibetan Buddhism today.

Key Texts from Longchenpa’s “Seven Treasures”

The “Seven Treasures” (or Longchenpa’s Seven Treasures) are considered the cornerstone of Nyingma philosophy and are essential for serious study. Notable works include:

• The Treasury of Meaning (Zongyi Zang): This text outlines the life of the Buddha, refutes the teachings of other religious traditions, and presents the core principles of both sutra and tantra.
• Treasury of Nature (Benxing Zang): Discusses the four terms of self-nature: “non-self,” “equality,” “spontaneity,” and “uniqueness,” explaining the nature of all phenomena and their inherent liberation.
• The Treasury of Wishfulfilling (ཡིད་བཞིན་མཛོད): Expands on the profound teachings of both sutra and tantra, focusing on the transformation of consciousness.
• Treasury of Key Points (Qujue Zang): Provides instructions on the essential techniques for meditation and spiritual development.
• The Treasury of the Dharma Realm (Fajie Zang): Discusses the ultimate truth of Dzogchen and the stages of the path, including the foundation, path, and result of the practice.
• Treasury of Word Meaning (Ciyu Zang): Focuses on the language of the teachings and their transformation into practical methods for attaining enlightenment.

A Comprehensive Systematization of Nyingma Teachings

Longchenpa’s texts were pivotal in systematizing and organizing the vast, intricate teachings of the Nyingma tradition. His comprehensive work makes the profound teachings of Dzogchen more accessible, while his “Seven Treasures” remains the primary text for Nyingma practitioners. These works provide both a philosophical framework and practical guidance, shaping the foundation of the Nyingma school for generations to come.

Longchenpa’s Commentary on Key Nyingma Texts

Longchenpa’s vast knowledge and profound wisdom led him to provide detailed commentaries on many essential Nyingma texts, revealing their deeper meanings and making complex teachings more accessible.

Commentary on the Great Net Sutra (Skt. Mahayoga)

One of Longchenpa’s most significant works is his commentary on the Great Net Sutra, also known as the Auspicious Secret Treasury (Gyalwa Sèngmé Zang). This text is part of the Nyingma school’s core teachings, categorized as “Sutra, Illusion, and Heart”—three important sections of the tradition’s teachings.

Longchenpa’s commentary, titled The Auspicious Secret Treasury Explained: Dispelling All Darkness from the Ten Directions, was written under the pen name of Dorje Jigme. He explained that his work was based on previous commentaries and teachings from many revered masters. Longchenpa’s goal was to clarify the text’s profound meanings through deep analysis, blending traditional wisdom with his own insights.

Structure of Longchenpa’s Commentary

Longchenpa divides the Great Net Sutra into three sections:

• Introduction: The first section begins with a praise of the text and then addresses the meaning of its title, its origin, and the significance of the teachings. He also refutes various doubts and criticisms raised against the Sutra.
• Main Body: The second section delves into the core teachings, describing the self-nature of the teachings, the dynamic qualities of the two mandalas (calm and fierce), and the transmission of the teachings from master to student.
• Conclusion: In the final part, Longchenpa emphasizes the Sutra’s supreme importance, calling it the foundational guide to all teachings. He describes its transformative power as the most perfect and complete.

Longchenpa’s Influence on the Nyingma Tradition

Longchenpa’s contributions to the Nyingma school are immeasurable. His scholarly works have been described as foundational, not only for Nyingma practitioners but for the entire Tibetan Buddhist tradition. Many masters in Tibetan Buddhism consider his teachings to be unparalleled in their depth and clarity.

In the Longchenpa Rinpoche Biography (Longchenpa Yidam Gyalpo), author Lhasa Sonam Kyi Dorje praises Longchenpa’s works:

“His commentaries cover all aspects of Buddhist practice, offering a comprehensive guide to all teachings, both exoteric and esoteric. They are the pinnacle of doctrinal precision and the essence of all secret teachings. His work is the crown of all Buddhist commentaries and the ultimate guide to spiritual practice and realization.”

Longchenpa’s Lasting Legacy

Longchenpa’s scholarship revolutionized Tibetan Buddhist thought, especially within the Nyingma tradition. His commentaries, particularly those on essential texts like the Great Net Sutra, continue to serve as key study materials for advanced practitioners. His ability to simplify and clarify the most complex teachings ensures that his works remain vital and relevant today.

Longchen Rabjam: A Model of Wisdom and Compassion

Longchen Rabjam is regarded as one of Tibet’s greatest sages and scholars. Throughout his life, he dedicated himself to the profound practice of studying, contemplating, and engaging in the Buddhist path. Whether as a disciple or a teacher, he embodied the ideal of a true practitioner. His lifestyle was simple, his mind expansive and natural, free from pretense, pure, and profound. Regardless of where he was or what he was doing, he remained in a constant state of meditation, embodying the essence of mindfulness in every moment.

Humility and Generosity

Longchen Rabjam repeatedly visited his teacher, Rinchen Goma, to perfect his studies and attain deeper realizations. Over the course of five visits, he gave away all of his possessions to his teacher, purging himself of attachment to material wealth. He never showed deference to lay people, regardless of their social status or titles, stating, “One should pay homage to the Three Jewels, not to worldly people.” Even when offered large gifts, he never expressed gratitude, believing instead, “Let the donors accumulate merit without being repaid by thanks.”

Known for his immense compassion, Longchen Rabjam showed great generosity toward the poor and the suffering. He would gladly eat the simple offerings from the poor and recite numerous prayers and vows for them, seeking their well-being.

Retreat and Meditation

For most of his life, Longchen Rabjam lived in seclusion, primarily in mountain caves. He initially meditated in Samye Qingpu, later moving to Gangri Tokpa. The serene natural surroundings fostered his inner peace and spiritual illumination. Longchen Rabjam summarized the benefits of retreat in the following verse:

“Far from the bustling towns,
In the mountain forests, peace increases.
One’s actions become aligned with the Dharma,
And the practitioner attains ultimate joy.”

While he taught various Buddhist teachings, his primary focus was the Great Perfection (Dzogchen). He summarized the key points of Dzogchen meditation as follows:

• When the mind is caught in dualistic thoughts, observe directly.
• When stability is attained, rest naturally.
• The essence of practice is to remain without effort or distraction.

And further:

• The mind’s intention is free from obstruction,
• Neither altered, nor diminished, nor attached to “this” or “that.”
• Untouched by grasping, one rests in the ultimate truth.

Teaching in Lhasa and Spreading Dzogchen

Longchen Rabjam was warmly received in Lhasa, where he stayed for two weeks. Sitting on a teaching throne between the Jokhang and Ramoche temples, he gave profound teachings to a large assembly of people from all walks of life, focusing on topics such as bodhicitta and the Great Perfection. With his vast knowledge and realization, he was able to overcome the arrogance of many scholars, encouraging them to purify their minds through the true practice of Buddhism.

He planted the seeds of genuine Dharma in the hearts of many, earning the title “Kunchen Chöje” (The All-Knowing Dharma King). Later, Longchen Rabjam traveled to Nipushuse, where he taught the Great Perfection teachings to around a thousand disciples. Then, in the stone mountains near the Trowu Jin area, he transmitted Dzogchen empowerments and teachings to approximately 3,000 people, including 40 accomplished Dharma masters.

Longchen Rabjam’s Lasting Influence

Longchen Rabjam’s life was a testament to the purity of his practice, his humility, and his unwavering dedication to the Buddhist path. He not only taught with wisdom but also lived the teachings, becoming an exemplar for future generations. His influence on Tibetan Buddhism remains profound, with his teachings continuing to inspire practitioners today.

Complete Works of Longchenpa: A Comprehensive Index

Compiled and Organized by Yongzhong Jiawa

Longchenpa (1308–1363) is one of the most revered Buddhist masters in the Nyingma tradition, renowned for his extraordinary scholarship and unmatched accomplishments. Often called the “Omniscient Great Scholar,” he is credited with codifying and refining the teachings of the Great Perfection (Dzogchen). His contributions have profoundly impacted Tibetan Buddhism, and he remains a central figure in the Nyingma school.

Longchenpa’s literary legacy includes a vast collection of works—some 270 texts (or 263, according to some sources)—covering various aspects of both exoteric and esoteric teachings. His writings, such as the Seven Treasures, Three Resting Points, Three Liberations, and Four Heart Drops, are considered canonical texts in the Nyingma tradition and are essential reading for practitioners. These works continue to shape the development of Tibetan Buddhism.

The following is a detailed catalog of Longchenpa’s complete works, compiled through extensive research and careful supplementation. It is hoped that this collection will benefit all who study it.

(I) Works on Prose, Poetry, and Literary Theory

• Textual and Rhetorical Methods
  • Small Jewel of Sound and Rhythm
  • Great Jewel of Sound and Rhythm
  • Meaning of Clear Discourses
  • Blending of Four Tones
  • Rhythm of Praise and Prose
  • Sound and Rhythmic Methods for the Day Carriage
  • Weight and Lightness in Prose
  • Poetic Techniques of the Vine Flower
• Poetry and Metaphors
  • Flowers of the Forest
  • Similes and Metaphors: The Key to Meaning
  • Metaphor of the Singing Tree Blossom
  • Embroidery of Rhythmic Prayers
  • Syllabic Harmony and Meaningful Presentation
• Philosophical and Spiritual Treatises
  • Explanations of Transcendence in the Context of Human and Divine Beings
  • The Conditions of Silent Blessings
  • A Meditation on the Mind of Wisdom
  • The Praise of Benefactors and Master Teachings

(II) Hymns and Praise

• Praise of the Buddha
  • The Great Drum Sound of the Buddha
  • The Jewel of the Buddha’s Mother
  • Praise of Boundless Virtue
  • Inconceivable Praise
  • Praise of Compassionate Bodhisattvas
• Hymns to the Divine Feminine and Other Deities
  • Praise to Tara
  • Hymns to Various Bodhisattvas
  • Praise to the Red Manjushri
  • Praise to the Wisdom of Avalokiteshvara
  • The Call of the Peacocks: A Hymn to Green Tara
  • Praise of the Five Buddha Mothers
• Praise of Spiritual and Celestial Realms
  • The Sound of the Celestial Drums
  • Praise of the Spiritual Realm in the Lotus Blossom Grove
  • Celestial Praise of the Various Sutra Realms

(III) Exoteric Buddhist Teachings and Philosophical Essays

• Exoteric Doctrines
  • The Essence of Maitreya’s Five Sutras: The Fundamental Steps on the Path
  • The Full Explanation of the Maitreya Sutras
  • Establishing the Path of Sacred Enlightenment
  • The Light of the Moon: Clarifying the Meaning of the Buddha’s Teachings
• Practical Spirituality
  • Pathways to Realizing the Buddhist Way
  • Understanding the Mind: Key to Wisdom and Compassion
  • The Role of the Bodhisattva: A Practical Guide
  • Reaching Nirvana: A Path to Liberation
• Deep Teachings on the Twofold Path
  • The Middle Path of Wisdom and Emptiness
  • Essence of the Truth: Illuminating the Path of Middle Way
  • Emptiness and the Ultimate Reality: The Heart of Buddhist Philosophy
• Buddhist Rituals and Practices
  • The Rituals of the Great Perfection (Dzogchen)
  • Understanding the View, Meditation, and Action in Dzogchen Practice

Longchenpa’s Lasting Impact

Longchenpa’s writings encompass a wide range of topics, from detailed philosophical explorations to profound meditative instructions. His works are essential to understanding the Nyingma teachings and continue to serve as a core part of Tibetan Buddhist study. His contributions have influenced not just the Nyingma tradition but the broader Tibetan Buddhist community, ensuring that his teachings endure across generations.

Secret Teachings of the Vajrayana: Detailed Index of Practices and Rituals

Longchenpa’s works are extensive and cover a wide range of teachings, especially within the Vajrayana tradition. His insights into the Sambhogakaya and Dharmakaya aspects of the Vajrayana path are considered foundational for practitioners. Below is an organized and searchable index of his teachings related to the Generation Stage (生起次第) of Vajrayana practices.

Here’s a shorter version in a table format:

Key Themes in Longchenpa’s Vajrayana Teachings

1. The Generation Stage (生起次第) of Vajrayana
   Longchenpa’s teachings on the Generation Stage explore the inner transformations that take place when the practitioner visualizes themselves as a deity and engages in profound mantra practices to awaken their Buddha-nature.
2. Deity Yoga and the Union of Wisdom and Compassion
   The Generation Stage is also deeply concerned with uniting the practitioner’s mind with the wisdom of the deities, facilitating union with the Dharmakaya through the transformative practices of Deity Yoga.
3. Purification and Protection Rituals
   Rituals designed to purify the practitioner from defilements and negative influences, while simultaneously invoking the protection of deities and the blessings of the enlightened beings.
4. Visualization and Meditation Techniques
   Techniques for visualizing deities and divine realms, accompanied by mantras, prayers, and specific ritual practices to deepen the spiritual experience.
5. Completion of the Path
   Longchenpa teaches that through meticulous practice in the Generation Stage, the practitioner will eventually progress to the Completion Stage, where the realization of the nature of mind and full liberation can be attained.

The Stages of the Great Perfection (大圆满) Teachings

The Great Perfection (Dzogchen) teachings encompass profound philosophical insights and spiritual practices aimed at attaining complete liberation. Below is an overview of the key texts and practices found in the Dzogchen tradition, focusing on the different stages and aspects of the path.

(V) Stages of Completion (圆满次第)

1. The Final Stages of the Completion Path
The Completion Path in Dzogchen refers to the advanced practices of realizing the true nature of mind. Below are key texts explaining the highest teachings:

• The Ultimate Completion Stage of the Illusory Path (幻化次第)
  • The Realization of True Bodhi: Wisdom in the Completion Path.
• The Five Stages of Supreme Bliss
  • The Five Stages of the Secret Teachings: Essential meanings of the Mahasiddha path.
• The Six Stages of Time and Space (时轮)
  • The Path of Truth: A deep dive into the six supports of the wheel of time.

2. The Completion Path through the Six Elements
A central theme in Dzogchen is the integration of the six elements (earth, water, fire, air, space, and consciousness). These teachings emphasize the purification and integration of these elements to achieve spiritual transformation.

• The Six Elements and Their Integration
  • The Nature of the Six Elements as a pathway to realization.
• The Essence of the Wisdom Path
  • A detailed explanation of the stages involved in progressing through the Completion Path.

(VI) The Heart of the Great Perfection (大圆满心部)

1. Heart Essence Texts of Dzogchen

The heart essence of Dzogchen teachings lies in understanding the nature of mind and resting in that natural state. Below are the key texts and practices in this area:

• The Precious Heart of the Great Perfection
  • Commentary on the Practice of Resting in the Natural State.
• The Complete Teaching on the Heart Essence of Dzogchen
  • The Essential Teachings on the Heart of Dzogchen, explaining the direct path to realization.
• The Meditation on the Natural State
  • The Union of Mind and Wisdom: Resting in the natural state of awareness.

2. Commentaries on the Heart Essence

• The Large Commentary on the Heart Essence: Explains the profound nature of meditation and how to stabilize in the natural state of mind.
• The Moonlit Commentary: A guide for practitioners to maintain clarity and stability in the natural state.

3. Direct Realization of the Nature of Mind
Dzogchen practitioners aim for direct, experiential realization of the mind’s true nature.

• Self-liberation through the Nature of Mind
  • The Great Perfection as the Ultimate Self-Liberation Path.

(VII) The Domain of the Great Perfection (大圆满界部)

1. The Boundaries of the Three Realms
This section explores the broader cosmological view within Dzogchen, including the concepts of time, space, and the mind.

• The Vastness of Space and Its Nature
  • Commentary on the Vastness of the Universe and Its Impact on Realization.
• The Nature of the Dharmakaya
  • Understanding the limitless expanse of the Dharmakaya.

2. Key Doctrines of Dzogchen

• The Essentials of Dzogchen Teachings
  • The core teachings of Dzogchen as a direct realization of the ultimate nature.

(VIII) The Key Instructions of the Great Perfection (大圆满诀窍部)

1. Essential Keys to Spiritual Practice

This section provides detailed instructions on essential spiritual practices for realizing Dzogchen.

• The Great Key Instructions for the Mind and Body
  • The Wisdom of Spontaneous Action: Aligning the body and mind with the true nature of reality.
• The Perfect Key Instructions for Visualization
  • The Methods for Generating and Sustaining Visualization in Dzogchen.

2. The Instructions for Direct Transmission
These teachings focus on the process of transmitting direct experience through the teacher-student relationship.

• The Transmission of Wisdom
  • The Direct Path of Wisdom Transmission from Teacher to Student.

(IX) The Seven Treasures of the Great Perfection (七宝藏)

1. The Teaching of the Precious Gem (如意宝藏)
A core teaching text in the Dzogchen tradition, exploring the key doctrines of Mahayana Buddhism and Indian philosophy.

• The Jewel of the Dharma
  • An Overview of the Mahayana Sutras and the Fundamental Philosophies of Ancient India.

2. The Dharma Realm Treasure (法界宝藏)

• The Essential Teachings on the Dharmakaya and the Three Bodies of the Buddha.

3. The Essential Teachings on the Key to Dzogchen (诀窍宝藏)

• A practical guide in verse form, summarizing the key points of Dzogchen practice.

4. The Treasure of Religious Lineages (宗派宝藏)

• This text explains the differences between various schools of Buddhism, focusing on the methods of distinguishing and categorizing the teachings.

5. The Treasure of the Supreme Vehicle (胜乘宝藏)

• A deep exploration of the practices and doctrines related to the highest teachings of the Tantric and Dzogchen paths.

6. The Treasure of the True Meaning (句义宝藏)

• An Analysis of Key Doctrines including the stages of realization from the beginning to the advanced teachings in Dzogchen.

7. The Treasure of Ultimate Truth (实相宝藏)

• An investigation into the ultimate nature of reality, focusing on the four main principles of Dzogchen: non-self, equality, uniqueness, and spontaneous self-liberation.

Longchen Rabjam’s Final Teachings and Passing

In 1363, at the age of fifty-six, Longchen Rabjam began to impart his final teachings, The Wisdom Light of the Pure Realm (Jinma Meibe Wo, The Unblemished Light). These teachings include profound instructions on the nature of impermanence, the illusory nature of the world, and the importance of the Dharma. His words, especially his reflections on the fleeting nature of life, offer deep insight and guidance for practitioners on the path to liberation:

I have long known the nature of samsara,
The worldly affairs have no true meaning,
Now I shall abandon this illusory body of impermanence,
Listen to what I teach, for it will benefit you.
The present life, which you hold to be real, will deceive you,
Its inherent nature is impermanent, and it is not truly real.
Realize that it cannot be trusted,
And from now on, begin to practice the true Dharma.

He continued, teaching the impermanent nature of loved ones, wealth, and even our own lives, urging his disciples to detach from worldly attachments and instead focus on accumulating spiritual wealth through the practice of generosity.

He pointed out that wealth, like a leaking vessel, would ultimately be enjoyed by others, while impermanence is a constant reality, as exemplified by the progression of life and death:

Like honey, wealth may accumulate, but it leaks away,
Though earned by oneself, it is enjoyed by others.
Now that you have the power,
Practice generosity to accumulate the necessary resources for the future.
The impermanence of all beings is like visitors to a home,
The elder leaves first, and the younger follows behind.
Those living today will eventually pass away,
Realize the impermanence of life in this very moment.

He further elaborated on the nature of appearances and the necessity to practice the Dharma:

The manifestations of this life are like today’s daylight,
What is perceived in them is like tonight’s dream,
The manifestations of the future are like the coming dawn,
Practice the Dharma in this present moment.

Longchen Rabjam’s Legacy

Longchen Rabjam’s teachings on the Great Perfection (Dzogchen) were of the highest order. His final words were about the ultimate nature of the mind and the path to Buddhahood:

The essence of mind is like the space of the Dharmadhatu,
Its nature is empty, and this is the ultimate truth,
It is non-dual and equal, the Great Perfection,
Please, in this very moment, realize this true nature.

He continued:

All appearances are like reflections in a mirror,
Though they appear, their essence is empty—this is non-duality,
By relinquishing all notions of duality, one finds bliss,
Please, in this very moment, realize this true nature.

His Passing and the Miraculous Signs

As Longchen Rabjam neared the end of his life, he traveled through Samye and reached Qingpu, where he announced that he would soon pass away. His body began to show signs of illness, but he continued to teach and impart his final instructions to a large gathering of disciples. On December 16, he conducted an elaborate offering ceremony and then imparted his final teachings on impermanence, encouraging his students to practice Tibetan Chod (cutting through attachment) and Tibetan Tonglen (sending and receiving), and concluded with the advice:

“If you have difficulty understanding my teachings, please read the Wish-fulfilling Jewel (Upadesha), which is the true wish-fulfilling gem. Through this, you will realize that all phenomena dissolve into the ultimate nature of the Dharmadhatu.”

On the 18th, Longchen Rabjam passed away, his body sitting in the meditative posture of a Buddha. At the moment of his passing, there was a great tremor in the earth, and a tremendous sound filled the air. His physical body remained intact for twenty-five days, during which time the sky was filled with radiant hues. Even in the coldest month of Tibet, the ground became warm, ice melted, and flowers bloomed. At his cremation, the earth shook three times, and seven great sounds were heard. From his ashes, numerous relics (sarira) appeared, including five-colored relics that signified his attainment of the five bodies and five wisdoms of a Buddha.

His Vast Contributions to Tibetan Buddhism

Longchen Rabjam left behind a legacy of more than 250 written works, covering a broad range of topics, including history, ethics, scriptures, and most notably, the Great Perfection teachings. His most renowned texts are the Nyingtik (Nying Thig) teachings, which include the Vima Nyingthig and Kagye Nyingthig, both of which are central to the Dzogchen tradition.

He was not only a prolific author but also a treasure holder of esoteric teachings, which he transmitted in his life and after his death, with many of his works considered “terma” (hidden treasures). These teachings were revealed through his own realization, much like the hidden wisdom of great masters before him. His influence on Tibetan Buddhism is immeasurable, with his teachings continuing to inspire countless practitioners worldwide.

Longchen Rabjam’s Final Wishes and Dedications

In his final moments, Longchen Rabjam recited the Six Aspirational Prayers, expressing his deepest wishes for the welfare of all sentient beings:

May I be able to bring joy to my teacher and always engage in virtuous activities.
In all future lives, may I reach enlightenment and transcend the ocean of samsara.
May I possess the ability to practice the Dharma according to the teachings.
May I, in all my lives, be born in a place where I can meet the true Dharma.

And may I accomplish these deeds with tireless effort, until all beings attain Buddhahood.

These prayers encapsulate the essence of his life and legacy: a deep commitment to the liberation of all beings and the relentless pursuit of wisdom and compassion. His passing marked the end of an era, but his teachings remain a guiding light for all who follow the path of the Great Perfection and the profound wisdom of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Great Perfection teachings offer a complete and profound path to spiritual realization, focusing on the direct experience of the true nature of mind. The texts discussed above provide a roadmap for practitioners to attain full liberation through meditation, direct transmission, and the understanding of Dzogchen’s core principles. Each section explores key stages of the path, from the foundational teachings to the ultimate realization, guiding the practitioner toward self-liberation and the direct experience of reality.

the Dzogchen (Great Perfection) practice, its essential teachings, and various associated practices. The text outlines key concepts and practices related to the Heart Drops (or Nyingthig) of the Dzogchen lineage, which is the pinnacle of Tibetan Vajrayana practices. Below is a brief breakdown of some of the key sections:

1. The Four Heart Drops of Dzogchen

• The text refers to the “Heart Drops” (Nyingthig) as essential teachings of the highest practices in Dzogchen, divided into five key sections, though traditionally regarded as four.
• Nyingthig teachings are considered the heart essence of Vajrayana, imparting the most profound wisdom on the nature of mind, meditation, and realization.

A. The Heart Essence of the Dakini (空行心髓)

• This part explains the practices related to the Dakini or Sky Dancers who are central figures in Tibetan Vajrayana, representing wisdom, energy, and realization.
• Detailed instructions on initiations (灌顶), visualizations, offerings, and mantras related to Dakini practice, especially focusing on how to engage with these powerful female archetypes to accelerate spiritual realization.
• Various practices such as the Five Vajra Initiations (五灌), Vajra Offerings, and purification methods are discussed.

B. The Heart Essence of Dakini’s Essence (空行精滴)

• This focuses on a more refined aspect of the Dakini’s Heart Essence, delving into the most secret teachings on how to conduct oneself in the practice of Dzogchen meditation, especially in relation to wisdom.
• It includes meditative practices, Vajra Yoga, and energy practices like breathwork (e.g., Kundalini Yoga).

C. The Bumā Heart Essence (布玛大心髓)

• Bumā refers to one of the highest female figures, often associated with wisdom and insight. This section discusses teachings specific to the transmission of teachings through the Bumā lineage and its connection to Dakini wisdom.
• Includes various initiations and rituals with specific teachings on purity and sacred practices.

D. The Guru Heart Drop (上师精滴)

• This section explores the relationship between the disciple and the Guru (spiritual master). The Guru in Tibetan Buddhism is essential in guiding the practitioner to enlightenment.
• Practices focused on the transmission of wisdom and empowerment from the Guru, often through direct oral teachings (oral transmission, or lung).
• Specific rituals are designed to connect the practitioner with the Guru’s wisdom directly.

E. The Most Profound Heart Essence (甚深精滴)

• The culmination of all the teachings, this section delves into the final, most subtle aspects of Dzogchen teachings—ultimately focusing on the realization of the nature of mind and liberation through direct experience.
• Practices involve deep meditation and realization techniques, and the teachings emphasize the direct experience of wisdom and the union of the relative and absolute.

Summary:

The document elaborates on the profound practices related to Dzogchen (Great Perfection), a method for realizing the true nature of mind. The key sections contain detailed teachings on meditative practices, visualizations, and mantras that guide practitioners to the direct experience of the Nature of Mind. The practices described, particularly those relating to the Dakini, the Guru, and the Heart Drops, are some of the highest and most esoteric in Tibetan Buddhism.

These texts often require years of study and personal guidance from a qualified Lama or Guru due to their complexity and depth. The purpose of these practices is to attain complete liberation and realization, transcending the cycles of samsara and embodying the ultimate wisdom and compassion.